*** A key to questions 6-9 for the final exam can be found here. ***

IMPORTANT: The organization of this section may change as more information is added. Please check regularly.

• Introduction and discussion of quantities related to intensity, definitions of instruments, black body radiation, Planck's radiation law and relation to Einstein coefficients.

• Radiation sources including a description of various line and continuum sources used in spectroscopy. Black body sources, heated filaments, hollow cathode lamps, electrodeless discharge lamps, arc-lamps and various types of laser.

• Monochromation using a grating monochromator (Czerny-Turner as an example). Also including a description of reflection, refraction, diffraction, superposition. Various monochromator equations (dispersion, bandwidth, resolution) are included.

• Optical transducers including photon and thermal transducers (thermocouples, bolometers, pyroelectric, photoconductivity, photovoltaics, phototubes, photomultiplier tube, photodiodes and photodiode arrays).