Hybridization
Hybridization offers a model for understanding bonding in molecules. Hybrid orbitals involving s and p
atomic orbitals are explained in detail and three-dimensional models illustrate each type
of hybrid set. Subsequently, hybrid orbitals involving the participation of d orbitals are
described. The program uses animation to simulate how bonds are formed between hybrid
orbitals on the central atom and the orbitals on the terminal atoms. Simple molecules
are formed on the screen, and the user may choose which bonds to examine more thoroughly.
This module includes discussion of sigma, pi, and delocalized pi bonds.
Perhaps the most exciting side path to explore is a graphic depiction of the combination
of s and p wavefunctions to make sp hybridized orbitals.
In this screenshot you can see some information on
the orbitals of a non-hybridized phosphorus atom. By clicking on the representations
of electrons, the model of the orbital will change to that of the selected electron.
The atom can be hybridized by clicking on the button on the right. On the menu bar are
options for learning about how the shape of the orbitals comes from the wavefunction,
and for more information on phosphorus.
In this screenshot you can see how the
above screen changes when the hybridize button is pressed.
In this screenshot you can see a demonstration of
viewing delocalized bonds over an entire ion.
Back to Hybridization index.
Over to Hybridization Quiz.
Back to Chemical Bonding index.
All images on this web page are copyright © 1995
Michigan State University Board of Trustees
Questions about this software? Send E-mail to Dr. Galloway
or Dr. Hunter
if you have any comments on this web page feel free to make your thoughts known!
3:24PM 11/21/95
http://www.cem.msu.edu/~gencem/hybrd/hybrd/index.html
In this screenshot you can see some information on
the orbitals of a non-hybridized phosphorus atom. By clicking on the representations
of electrons, the model of the orbital will change to that of the selected electron.
The atom can be hybridized by clicking on the button on the right. On the menu bar are
options for learning about how the shape of the orbitals comes from the wavefunction,
and for more information on phosphorus.
In this screenshot you can see how the
above screen changes when the hybridize button is pressed.
In this screenshot you can see a demonstration of
viewing delocalized bonds over an entire ion.